chronologically // by type
Metrics for Formal Structures, with an Application to Kripke Models and their Dynamics
(with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig )
Journal of Symbolic Logic (2023)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KleinRendsvigMetrics,
author={Klein, Dominik and Rendsvig, Rasmus K.}
title={Metrics for Formal Structures, with an Application to Kripke Models
and their Dynamics},
year={2023}
volume={88},
number={2},
journal={The Journal of Symbolic Logic}
}
The paper introduces a broad family of metrics applicable to finite and countably infinite strings, or, by extension, to formal structures serving as semantics for countable languages. The main focus is on applications to sets of pointed Kripke models, a semantics for modal logics. For the resulting metric spaces, the paper classifies topological properties including which metrics are topologically equivalent, providing sufficient conditions for compactness, characterizing clopen sets and isolated points, and characterizing the metrical topologies by a concept of logical convergence. We then apply the approach to maps from dynamic epistemic logic, showing that product updates with action models yield continuous maps, hence allowing for an interpretation of the iterated updates as discrete time dynamical systems.
Pooling Modalities and Pointwise Intersection: Semantics, Expressivity, and Dynamics
(with
Frederik Van De Putte)
Journal of Philosophic Logic (2022)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{VDPutteKleinPoolingSemantics,
Author = {Van De Putte, Frederik and Klein, Dominik},
Doi = {10.1007/s10992-021-09638-0},
Journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
Title = {Pooling Modalities and Pointwise Intersection: Semantics,
Expressivity, and Dynamics},
Year = {2022}
}
We study classical modal logics with pooling modalities, i.e. unary modal operators that allow one to express properties of sets obtained by the pointwise intersection of neighbourhoods. We discuss salient properties of these modalities, situate the logics in the broader area of modal logics (with a particular focus on relational semantics), establish key properties concerning their expressive power, discuss dynamic extensions of these logics and provide reduction axioms for the latter.
Probabilities with Gaps and Gluts (with
Ondrej Majer and Soroush Rafiee Rad)
Journal of Philosophical Logic (2021)
[pdf]
[doi]
[video]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KLMProbabilities,
Author = {Klein, Dominik and Majer, Ondrej and Rafiee Rad, Soroush},
Journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1107--1141},
Title = {Probabilities with Gaps and Gluts},
Volume = {50},
Year = {2021},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10992-021-09592-x}
}
Belnap-Dunn logic (BD), sometimes also known as First Degree Entailment, is a four-valued propositional logic that complements the classical truth values of
True and
False with two non-classical truth values
Neither and
Both. The latter two are to account for the possibility of the available information being incomplete or providing contradictory evidence. In this paper, we present a probabilistic extension of BD that permits agents to have probabilistic beliefs about the truth and falsity of a proposition.
We provide a sound and complete axiomatization for the framework defined and also identify policies for conditionalization and aggregation. Concretely, we introduce four-valued equivalents of Bayes’ and Jeffrey updating and also suggest mechanisms for aggregating information from different sources.
Expressive voting, graded interests and participation
Public Choice (2021)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KleinExpressiveVoting,
Author = {Klein, Dominik},
Journal = {Public Choice},
Number = {1},
Pages = {221--239},
Title = {Expressive voting, graded interests and participation},
Volume = {188},
Year = {2021}}
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-020-00825-2}
}
I assume that voters mark ballots exclusively to express their true preferences among parties, leaving aside any considerations about an election’s possible outcome. The paper then analyzes the resulting voting behavior. In particular, it studies how effective different voting systems such as plurality rule, approval voting, and range voting are in fostering high turnout rates of such expressive voters.
Die epistemische Qualität demokratischer Entscheidungsverfahren. Interaktionseffekte zwischen eigennützigen, individuellen Überzeugungen und der epistemischen Qualität kollektiver Entscheidungen (with
Johannes Marx)
Demokratie und Wahrheit (2021)
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@inproceedings{KM2021,
author={Klein, Dominik and Johannes Marx},
title={Die epistemische Qualit\"at demokratischer Entscheidungsverfahren.
Interaktionseffekte zwischen eigenn\"utzigen, individuellen \"Uberzeugungen
und der epistemischen Qualit\"at kollektiver Entscheidungen},
booktitle = {Demokratie und Wahrheit},
year={2021},
pages={265-288},
volume={40}
}
In der Literatur finden sich zahlreiche Hinweise, dass die Versorgung
mit öffentlichen Gütern in demokratischen Regierungssystemen besser
funktioniert als in autokratischen Alternativen. Klassischerweise wird diese
Beobachtung durch Unterschiede in den Anreizstrukturen demokratischer
und autokratischer Entscheidungsverfahren erklärt (vgl. de Mesquita et al.
2005; Olson 2000). Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert eine weitere Erklä-
rung für Unterschiede zwischen den unterschiedlichen Regierungstypen.
Aufbauend auf die Debatte zur epistemischen Rechtfertigung demokrati-
scher Entscheidungsverfahren (siehe Estlund 2000, Estlund und Landemo-
re 2012, 2018) analysieren wir, ob demokratische Regime auch einen insti-
tutionell bedingten epistemischen Vorteil haben. Wir untersuchen diese
Frage mit Hilfe eines Modells, in dem Akteure vor der Aufgabe stehen,
das optimale Niveau öffentlicher Gütern zu bestimmen. Es gilt für die
Akteure also, den optimalen Steuersatz zu schätzen. Wir implementieren
dieses Modell in eine agentenbasierte Computersimulation und analysie-
ren, wie gut es Akteuren innerhalb von zwei idealtypisch verfassten, po-
litischen Systemen (Demokratie und Autokratie) gelingt, diese Aufgabe
zu lösen. Die resultierenden Ergebnisse erlauben uns, die epistemische
Qualität von demokratischen und nicht-demokratischen, kollektiven Ent-
scheidungsverfahren zu vergleichen. Wir finden erstens einen positiven
Effekt der epistemischen Vielfalt großer Gruppen, die in demokratischen
Entscheidungsverfahren zur Geltung kommt (für ähnliche Ergebnisse im
Gebiet wissenschaftlicher Gemeinschaften siehe Zollman 2010, O'Connor
und Bruner 2019). Zweitens zeigt sich überraschenderweise, dass demokra-
tische Entscheidungsverfahren am besten abschneiden, wenn die Bürger
auch ihre eigenen Bedürfnisse priorisieren und kommunizieren, anstatt in
ihren Interaktionen mit ihren Mitbürgern lediglich das optimale Niveau
des öffentlichen Nutzens aus der Sicht der Gruppe zu kommunizieren.
Schließlich findet sich ein positiver Effekt von zeitlich begrenzten Deli-
berationsphasen auf die epistemische Qualität kollektiver Abstimmungser-
gebnisse.
Non-Classical Probabilities for Decision Making in Situations of Uncertainty
(with
Ondrej Majer and Soroush Rafiee Rad)
Roczniki Filozoficzne (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{kleinMajerRadRoczniki,
title={Non-Classical Probabilities for Decision Making in Situations of Uncertainty},
author={Klein, Dominik and Majer, Ondrej and Rad, Soroush Rafiee},
journal={Roczniki Filozoficzne},
volume={68},
number={4},
pages={315--343},
year={2020}
}
Analyzing situations where information is partial, incomplete or contradictory has created a demand for quantitative belief measures that are weaker than classic probability theory. In this paper, we compare two frameworks that have been proposed for this task, Dempster-Shafer theory and non-standard probability theory based on Belnap-Dunn logic. We show the two frameworks to assume orthogonal perspectives on informational shortcomings, but also provide a partial correspondence result. Lastly, we also compare various dynamical rules of the two frameworks, all seen as generalizations of classic Bayes’ conditioning.
Convergence, continuity, recurrence and Turing completeness in dynamic epistemic logic (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Journal of Logic and Computation (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KleinRendsvigTuring,
author = {Klein, Dominik and Rendsvig, Rasmus K.},
title = "{Convergence, continuity, recurrence and Turing completeness
in dynamic epistemic logic}",
journal = {Journal of Logic and Computation},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1093/logcom/exaa035},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exaa035},
}
The paper analyses dynamic epistemic logic from a topological perspective. The main contribution consists of a framework in which dynamic epistemic logic satisfies the requirements for being a topological dynamical system thus interfacing discrete dynamic logics with continuous mappings of dynamical systems. The setting is based on a notion of logical convergence, demonstratively equivalent with convergence in Stone topology. Presented is a flexible, parametrized family of metrics inducing the Stone topology, used as an analytical aid. We show maps induced by action model transformations continuous with respect to the Stone topology and present results on the recurrent behaviour of said maps. Among the recurrence results, we show maps induced by finite action models may have uncountably many recurrent points, even when initiated on a finite input model. Several recurrence results draws on the class of action models being Turing complete, for which the paper provides proof in the postcondition-free case. As upper bounds, it is shown that either 1 atom, 3 agents and preconditions of modal depth 18 or 1 atom, 7 agents and preconditions of modal depth 3 suffice for Turing completeness.
Pooling Modalities and Pointwise Intersection: Axiomatization and Decidability
(with
Frederik Van De Putte)
Studia Logica (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{VDPutteKleinPooling,
Author = {Van De Putte, Frederik and Klein, Dominik},
Doi = {10.1007/s11225-020-09901-6},
Isbn = {1572-8730},
Journal = {Studia Logica},
Title = {Pooling Modalities and Pointwise Intersection:
Axiomatization and Decidability},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11225-020-09901-6},
Year = {2020},
}
We establish completeness and the finite model property for logics featuring the
pooling modalities that were introduced in Van De Putte and Klein (Pooling modalities and pointwise intersection: semantics, expressivity, and applications). The definition of our canonical models combines standard techniques with a so-called “puzzle piece construction”, which we first illustrate informally. After that, we apply it to the weakest classical logics with pooling modalities and investigate the technique’s potential for the axiomatization of stronger logics, obtained by imposing well-known frame conditions on the models.
From Oughts to Goals: A Logic for Enkrasia (with
Alessandra Marra )
Studia Logica (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KleinMarraOughtsGoals,
author={Klein, Dominik and Marra, Alessandra},
Doi = {10.1007/s11225-019-09854-5},
Isbn = {1572-8730},
Journal = {Studia Logica},
Number = {1},
Pages = {85--128},
Title = {From Oughts to Goals: A Logic for Enkrasia},
Volume = {108},
Year = {2020}
}
This paper focuses on (an interpretation of) the Enkratic principle of rationality, according to which rationality requires that if an agent sincerely and with conviction believes she ought to X, then X-ing is a goal in her plan. We analyze the logical structure of Enkrasia and its implications for deontic logic. To do so, we elaborate on the distinction between basic and derived oughts, and provide a multi-modal neighborhood logic with three characteristic operators: a non-normal operator for basic oughts, a non-normal operator for goals in plans, and a normal operator for derived oughts. We prove two completeness theorems for the resulting logic, and provide a dynamic extension of the logic by means of product updates. We illustrate how this setting informs deontic logic by considering issues related to the filtering of inconsistent oughts, the restricted validity of deontic closure, and the stability of oughts and goals under dynamics.
Rationality in Context - On inequality and the epistemic problems of maximizing expected utility (with
Johannes Marx and Simon Scheller)
Synthese (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KMS2020,
Author = {Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes and Scheller, Simon},
Doi = {10.1007/s11229-018-1773-0},
Isbn = {1573-0964},
Journal = {Synthese},
Number = {1},
Pages = {209--232},
Title = {Rationality in context},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-018-1773-0},
Volume = {197},
Year = {2020}
}
The emergence of economic inequality has often been linked to individual differences in mental or physical capacities. By means of an agent-based simulation this paper shows that neither of these is a necessary condition. Rather, inequality can arise from iterated interactions of fully rational agents. This bears consequences for our understanding of both inequality and rationality. In a setting of iterated bargaining games, we claim that expected utility maximizing agents perform suboptimally in comparison with other strategies. The reason for this lies in complex feedback effects between an agents' action and the quality of beliefs used to calculate expected utility. Consequentially, we argue that the standard notion of rationality as maximizing expected utility is insufficient, even for certain standard cases of economic interaction.
Converging on Common Knowledge (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Proceedings of IJCAI 28 (2019)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@inproceedings{KleinRendsvigConverging,
title = {Converging on Common Knowledge},
author = {Klein, Dominik and Rendsvig, Rasmus Kræmmer},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, {IJCAI-19}},
publisher = {International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization},
pages = {1741--1748},
doi = {10.24963/ijcai.2019/241},
url = {https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/241},
}
Common knowledge, as is well known, is not attainable in finite time by unreliable communication, thus hindering perfect coordination. Focusing on the coordinated attack problem modeled using dynamic epistemic logic, this paper discusses unreliable communication protocols from a topological perspective and asks "If the generals may communicate indefinitely, will they then
converge to a state of common knowledge?" We answer by making precise and showing the following:
common knowledge is attainable if, and only if, we do not care about common knowledge.
Logics for Analyzing Games (with
Johan van Benthem )
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2019)
[link]
[bib]
@InCollection{sep-logics-for-games,
author = {van Benthem, Johan and Klein, Dominik},
title = {Logics for Analyzing Games},
booktitle = {The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy},
editor = {Edward N. Zalta},
howpublished = {\url{https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/
spr2019/entries/logics-for-games/}},
year = {2019},
edition = {Spring 2019},
publisher = {Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}
}
Rational Choice and Asymmetric Learning in Iterated Social Interactions –
Some Lessons from Agent-Based Modeling (with
Johannes Marx and Simon Scheller )
Demokratie und Entscheidung
Beiträge zur Analytischen Politischen Theorie, Springer (2019)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Inbook{KMSAsymmetric2018,
title = {Rational Choice and Asymmetric Learning in Iterated Social Interactions --
Some Lessons from Agent-Based Modeling},
author = {Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes and Scheller, Simon},
editor={Marker, Karl and Schmitt, Annette and Sirsch, J\"urgen},
bookTitle = {Demokratie und Entscheidung Beitr\"äge zur Analytischen Politischen Theorie},
publisher={Springer},
pages = {277-294},
year = {2019},
}
In this contribution we analyze how the actions of rational agents feed back on their beliefs. We present two agent-based computer simulations studying complex social interactions in which agents that follow utility maximizing strategies thereby deteriorate their own long-term quality of beliefs. We take these results as a starting point to discuss the complex relationship between rational action couched in terms of maximizing utility and the emergence of informational inequalities
Pointwise Intersection in Neighbourhood Modal Logic (with
Frederik Van De Putte )
Advances in Modal Logic (AiML 12) (2018)
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@inproceedings{VDPK-Aiml2018,
author = {Van De Putte, Frederik and Klein, Dominik },
title = {Pointwise Intersection in Neighbourhood Modal Logic},
editor = {Bezhanishvili, Guram and D'Agostino, Giovanna and
Metcalfe, George and Studer, Thomas},
booktitle = {{Advances in Modal Logic 12}},
series = {{Advances in Modal Logic}},
volume = {12},
publisher = {College Publications},
year = {2018},
pages = {591-610},
}
We study the logic of neighbourhood models with
pointwise intersection, as a means to characterize multi-modal logics. Pointwise intersection takes us from a set of neighbourhood sets
Ni (one for each member
i of a set
G used to interpret the modality □) to a new neighbourhood set
NG, which in turn allows us to interpret the operator □
G Here,
X is in the neighbourhood for
G if and only if
X equals the intersection of some
Y {
Yi |
Yi ∈
G}. We show that the notion of pointwise intersection has various applications in epistemic and doxastic logic, deontic logic, coalition logic, and evidence logic. We then establish sound and strongly complete axiomatizations for the weakest logic characterized by pointwise intersection and for a number of variants, using a new and generally applicable technique for canonical model construction.
Generalized Trust in the Mirror. An Agent-Based Model on the Dynamics of Trust. (with
Johannes Marx)
Historical Social Research (2018)
[simulation]
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KM2018,
title = {Generalized Trust in the Mirror: An Agent-Based Model on the Dynamics of Trust},
author = {Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes},
journal = {Historical Social Research},
number = {1},
pages = {234--258},
volume = {43},
year = {2018},
}
High levels of trust have been linked to a variety of benefits including the well-functioning of markets and political institutions or the ability of societies to solve public goods problems endogenously. While there is extensive literature on the macro-level determinants of trust, the micro-level processes underlying the emergence and stability of trust are not yet sufficiently understood. We address this lacuna by means of a computer model. In this paper, conditions under which trust is likely to emerge and be sustained are identified. We focus our analysis mainly on the individual characteristics of agents: their social or geographical mobility, their attitude towards others or their general uncertainty about the environment. Contrary to predictions from previous literature, we show that immobile agents are detrimental to both, the emergence and robustness of trust. Additionally, we identify a hidden link between trusting others and being trustworthy.
Agent-Based Modeling in Social Science, History, and Philosophy:
An Introduction (with
Johannes Marx and Kai Fischbach)
Historical Social Research (2018)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KMF2018,
title = {Agent-Based Modeling in Social Science, History, and Philosophy:
An Introduction},
author = {Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes and Fischbach, Kai},
journal = {Historical Social Research},
number = {1},
pages = {7-27},
volume = {43},
year = {2018},
urn = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-56479-3}
}
Agent-based modeling has become a common and well-established tool in the social sciences and certain of the humanities. Here, we aim to provide an overview of the different modeling approaches in current use. Our discussion unfolds in two parts: we first classify different aspects of the model-building process and identify a number of characteristics shared by most agent-based models in the humanities and social sciences; then we map relevant differences between the various modeling approaches. We classify these into different dimensions including the type of target systems addressed, the intended modeling goals, and the models’ degree of abstraction. Along the way, we provide reference to related debates in contemporary philosophy of science.
Convergence, Continuity and Recurrence in Dynamic Epistemic Logic (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Logic, Rationality and Interaction (LORI VII) (2017)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@inproceedings{KleinRendsvig-LORI2017,
author = {Klein, Dominik and Rendsvig, Rasmus K.},
title = {{Convergence, Continuity and Recurrence in Dynamic Epistemic Logic}},
editor = {Baltag, A. and Seligman, J. and Yamada, T.},
booktitle = {{Logic, Rationality, and Interaction (LORI 2017)}},
series = {{Lecture Notes in Computer Science}},
volume = {10455},
publisher = {Springer},
year = {2017},
pages = {108--122},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-55665-8_8},
}
The paper analyzes dynamic epistemic logic from a topological perspective. The main contribution consists of a framework in which dynamic epistemic logic satisfies the requirements for being a topological
dynamical system thus interfacing discrete dynamic logics with continuous mappings of dynamical systems. The setting is based on a notion
of logical convergence, demonstratively equivalent with convergence in
Stone topology. Presented is a flexible, parametrized family of metrics
inducing the latter, used as an analytical aid. We show maps induced
by action model transformations continuous with respect to the Stone
topology and present results on the recurrent behavior of said maps.
Mystery and the Evidential Impact of Unexplainables (with
Matteo Colombo)
Episteme (2017)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KC2017,
title={Mystery and the Evidential Impact of Unexplainables},
DOI={10.1017/epi.2017.13},
journal={Episteme},
publisher={Cambridge University Press},
author={Klein, Dominik and Colombo, Matteo},
year={2017},
pages={1--13}
}
What's the evidential impact of learning that something is a mystery? To answer this question, we first explicate the notion of a mystery in terms of unexplainability. After distinguishing different ways in which something can be unexplainable, we develop a test to evaluate the evidential impact of two distinct types of unexplainables: symmetrical and asymmetrical unexplainables. We argue that only asymmetrical unexplainables have evidential impact. We finally clarify how our explication of mysteries as unexplainables complements existing accounts of abduction and contributes to the literature on the mystery of consciousness.
Knowledge, belief, normality, and introspection (with
Olivier Roy and Norbert Gratzl)
Synthese (2017)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KRG2017,
author={Klein, Dominik and Roy, Olivier and Gratzl, Norbert},
title={Knowledge, belief, normality, and introspection},
journal={Synthese},
year={2017},
issn="1573-0964",
doi={10.1007/s11229-017-1353-8},
pages={1-30}
}
We study two logics of knowledge and belief stemming from the work of Stalnaker (2006), omitting positive introspection for knowledge. The two systems are equivalent with positive introspection, but not without. We show that while the logic of beliefs remains unaffected by omitting introspection for knowledge in one system, it brings significant changes to the other. The resulting logic of belief is non-normal, and its complete axiomatization uses an infinite hierarchy of coherence constraints. We conclude by returning to the philosophical interpretation underlying both models of belief, showing that neither is strong enough to support a probabilistic interpretation, nor an interpretation in terms of certainty or the "mental component" of knowledge.
Wenn Du gehst, geh ich auch. Die Rolle von Informationskaskaden bei der Entstehung von Massenbewegungen (with
Johannes Marx)
Politische Vierteljahresschrift (2017)
[simulation]
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KM2017,
author={Klein, Dominik and Johannes Marx},
title={Wenn Du gehst, geh ich auch. Die Rolle von Informationskaskaden
bei der Entstehung von Massenbewegungen},
journal={Politische Vierteljahresschrift},
year={2017},
doi={10.5771/0032-3470-2017-4-560},
pages={560-592},
volume={58},
number={4},
}
This paper studies the epistemic dynamics preceding the emergence of mass
movements. By means of an agent-based simulation, we study the informational processes
generating those shared attitudes towards a political system that are necessary for mass
movements. We show that societies of lower mobility will structurally underestimate the
potential for political change. Moreover, we find systematic differences in attitudes
between critics and supporters of a regime. A side-effect of the emergent informational dynamics is
that
system critics will, over time, develop higher estimates of the potential for
change than their less discontent peers
Focusing on Campaigns (with
Eric Pacuit)
Rohit Parikh on Logic, Language and Society, Springer (2017)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Inbook{KP2017,
author={Klein, Dominik and Pacuit, Eric},
editor={Ba{\c{s}}kent, Can and Moss, Lawrence S.
and Ramanujam, Ramaswamy},
title={Focusing on Campaigns},
bookTitle={Rohit Parikh on Logic, Language and Society},
year="2017",
publisher={Springer},
pages={77--89},
doi="10.1007/978-3-319-47843-2_5",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47843-2_5"
}
One of the important lessons to take away from Rohit Parikh’s impressive body of work is that logicians and computer scientists have much to gain by focusing their attention on the intricacies of political campaigns. Drawing on recent work developing a theory of
expressive voting, we study the dynamics of voters’ opinions during an election. In this paper, we develop a model in which the relative importance of the different issues that concern a voter may change either in response to candidates’ statements during a campaign or due to unforeseen events. We study how changes in a voter?s attention to the issues influence voting behavior under voting systems such as plurality rule and approval voting. We argue that it can be worthwhile for candidates to reshape public focus, but that doing so can be a complex and risky activity.
Metrics for Formal Structures, with an Application to Kripke Models and their Dynamics (Preprint) (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Preprint: Arxiv:1704.00977
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{2017KRMetric,
author = {{Klein}, Dominik. and {Rendsvig}, Rasmus K.},
title = "{Metrics for Formal Structures, with an Application to Kripke Models
and their Dynamics}",
journal = {ArXiv e-prints},
eprint = {1704.00977},
year = 2017,
month = apr,
}
This paper introduces and investigates a family of metrics on sets of structures
for formal languages, with a special focus on their application to sets of pointed Kripke models and modal logic, and, in extension, to dynamic
epistemic logic. The metrics are generalizations of the Hamming distance applicable to countably infinite binary strings and, by extension, logical theories or semantic structures. We first study the topological properties of the resulting metric spaces. A
key result provides sufficient conditions for spaces having the Stone property, i.e., being compact, totally disconnected and Hausdorff. Second, we turn to
mappings, where it is shown that a widely used type of model transformations,
product updates, give rise to continuous maps in the induced topology.
Turing Completeness of Finite Epistemic Programs (Preprint) (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Preprint: Arxiv:1706.06845
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/KleinR17,
author = {Klein, Dominik and
Rendsvig, Rasmus K.},
title = {Turing Completeness of Finite, Epistemic Programs},
journal = {ArXiv e-prints},
year = {2017},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06845},
eprint = {1706.06845},
}
In this note, we present the proof of Lemma 1.1 of [8], namely that the class
of epistemic programs [1] is
Turing complete. Following preliminary definitions in Section 1
, Section 2 states and proves the theorem.
Modelling Individual Expertise in Group Judgements (with
Jan Sprenger)
Economics and Philosophy (2015)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KS2015,
title={Modelling Individual Expertise in Group Judgements},
volume={31},
DOI={10.1017/S0266267114000388},
number={1},
journal={Economics and Philosophy},
publisher={Cambridge University Press},
author={Klein, Dominik and Sprenger, Jan},
year={2015},
pages={3--25}
}
Group judgements are often – implicitly or explicitly – influenced by their members’ individual expertise. However, given that expertise is seldom recognized fully and that some distortions may occur (bias, correlation, etc.), it is not clear that differential weighting is an epistemically advantageous strategy with respect to straight averaging. Our paper characterizes a wide set of conditions under which differential weighting outperforms straight averaging and embeds the results into the multidisciplinary group decision-making literature.
Social Interaction - a Formal Exploration
PhD Thesis (2015)
[pdf]
[bib]
@phdthesis{KleinThesis,
title={Social Interaction -- a Formal Exploration},
author={Klein, Dominik},
year={2015},
school={TiLPS Tilburg},
}
Introspection, Normality and Agglomeration (with
Norbert Gratzl and Olivier Roy )
Logic, Rationality and Interaction (LORI VI) (2015)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@InProceedings{KGR2015,
author={Klein, Dominik and Gratzl, Norbert and Roy, Olivier},
editor={van der Hoek, Wiebe and Holliday, Wesley H. and Wang, Wen-fang},
title={Introspection, Normality and Agglomeration},
booktitle={Logic, Rationality, and Interaction},
year={2015},
publisher={Springer},
pages={195--206},
}
This paper explores a non-normal logic of beliefs for boundedly rational agents. The logic we study stems from the epistemic-doxastic system developed by Stalnaker. In that system, if knowledge is not positively introspective then beliefs are not closed under conjunction. They are, however, required to be pairwise consistent, a requirement that has been called agglomerativity elsewhere. While bounded agglomerativity requirements, i.e., joint consistency for every
n-tuple of beliefs up to a fixed
n, are expressible in that logic, unbounded agglomerativity is not. We study an extension of this logic of beliefs with such an unbounded agglomerativity operator, provide a sound and complete axiomatization for it, show that it has a sequent calculus that enjoys the admissibility of cut, that it has the finite model property, and that it is decidable.
Logic and Ethics: An Integrated Model for Norms, Intentions and Actions (with
Alessandra Marra )
Logic, Rationality and Interaction (LORI VI) (2015)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@InProceedings{MK2015,
author={Marra, Alessandra and Klein, Dominik},
editor={van der Hoek, Wiebe and Holliday, Wesley H. and Wang, Wen-fang},
title={Logic and Ethics: An Integrated Model for Norms, Intentions and Actions},
booktitle={Logic, Rationality, and Interaction},
year={2015},
publisher={Springer},
pages={268--281},
}
The paper investigates the way norms relate to and affect agents’ intentions and actions. Current work in deontic logic dealing with agency mainly falls within two different groups: a variety of frameworks which adopt a purely external approach and represent agency in terms of possible outcomes of actions, and frameworks which instead endorse an internal approach and focus exclusively on the agent’s intentions. The paper argues that neither of these models alone can produce a satisfactory analysis. An integrated model which combines the internal and external approaches is therefore put forward. The model is dynamic and represents the change that accepting a goal norm triggers in an agent’s intentions (especially the so-called “prior-intentions”) and actions.
Changing Types: Information Dynamics on Type Spaces (with
Eric Pacuit)
Studia Logica (2014)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KP2014,
author={Klein, Dominik and Pacuit, Eric},
title={Changing Types: Information Dynamics for Qualitative Type Spaces},
journal={Studia Logica},
year={2014},
volume={102},
number={2},
pages={297--319},
doi={10.1007/s11225-014-9545-4},
url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11225-014-9545-4}
}
Many different approaches to describing the players’ knowledge and beliefs can be found in the literature on the epistemic foundations of game theory. We focus here on non-probabilistic approaches. The two most prominent are the so-called Kripkeor Aumann-structures and knowledge structures (non-probabilistic variants of Harsanyi type spaces). Much of the recent work on Kripke structures has focused on dynamic extensions and simple ways of incorporating these. We argue that many of these ideas can be applied to knowledge structures as well. Our main result characterizes precisely when one
type can be transformed into another
type by a specific type of information update. Our work in this paper suggest that it would be interesting to pursue a theory of “information dynamics” for knowledge structures (and eventually Harsanyi type spaces).
The Dynamics of Trust - Emergence and Destruction (with
Johannes Marx)
Proceedings of the 17th International Workshop on Trust in Agent Societies (2014)
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@InProceedings{KM2014,
author={Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes},
editor={Cohen, Robin and Falcone, Rino and Norman, Timothy},
title={The Dynamics of Trust - Emergence and Destruction},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th International Workshop on Trust in Agent Societies},
year={2014},
publisher={http://ceur-ws.org},
pages={68-77},
}
We study the emergence and evolution of trust in larger societies. We
focus on the thin notion of trust, that is the trust needed for interacting with hitherto unknown individuals encountered for just a single
interaction. Our model builds upon well established theoretical knowledge of the determinants of trust. These works identify parameters
such as the existence of networks, the level of mobility or the percent-
age of trust-abusing agents in a society. While the influence of each of
these factors individually is well-established by empirical work, a precise account of the interplay of these factors is lacking. To bridge this
gap, we devise a multi agent computer simulation that allows a fine
grained analysis of the dynamic processes governing the emergence of
trust and its dependencies upon these parameters. We model agents
using a bayesian learning framework about the value of trust, taking
both individual and social information into account.
chronologically // by type
Journals (Peer Reviewed)
Metrics for Formal Structures, with an Application to Kripke Models and their Dynamics
(with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig )
Journal of Symbolic Logic (2023)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KleinRendsvigMetrics,
author={Klein, Dominik and Rendsvig, Rasmus K.}
title={Metrics for Formal Structures, with an Application to Kripke Models
and their Dynamics},
year={2023}
volume={88},
number={2},
journal={The Journal of Symbolic Logic}
}
The paper introduces a broad family of metrics applicable to finite and countably infinite strings, or, by extension, to formal structures serving as semantics for countable languages. The main focus is on applications to sets of pointed Kripke models, a semantics for modal logics. For the resulting metric spaces, the paper classifies topological properties including which metrics are topologically equivalent, providing sufficient conditions for compactness, characterizing clopen sets and isolated points, and characterizing the metrical topologies by a concept of logical convergence. We then apply the approach to maps from dynamic epistemic logic, showing that product updates with action models yield continuous maps, hence allowing for an interpretation of the iterated updates as discrete time dynamical systems.
Pooling Modalities and Pointwise Intersection: Semantics, Expressivity, and Dynamics
(with
Frederik Van De Putte)
Journal of Philosophic Logic (2022)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{VDPutteKleinPoolingSemantics,
Author = {Van De Putte, Frederik and Klein, Dominik},
Doi = {10.1007/s10992-021-09638-0},
Journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
Title = {Pooling Modalities and Pointwise Intersection: Semantics,
Expressivity, and Dynamics},
Year = {2022}
}
We study classical modal logics with pooling modalities, i.e. unary modal operators that allow one to express properties of sets obtained by the pointwise intersection of neighbourhoods. We discuss salient properties of these modalities, situate the logics in the broader area of modal logics (with a particular focus on relational semantics), establish key properties concerning their expressive power, discuss dynamic extensions of these logics and provide reduction axioms for the latter.
Probabilities with Gaps and Gluts (with
Ondrej Majer and Soroush Rafiee Rad)
Journal of Philosophical Logic (2021)
[pdf]
[doi]
[video]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KLMProbabilities,
Author = {Klein, Dominik and Majer, Ondrej and Rafiee Rad, Soroush},
Journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1107--1141},
Title = {Probabilities with Gaps and Gluts},
Volume = {50},
Year = {2021},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10992-021-09592-x}
}
Belnap-Dunn logic (BD), sometimes also known as First Degree Entailment, is a four-valued propositional logic that complements the classical truth values of
True and
False with two non-classical truth values
Neither and
Both. The latter two are to account for the possibility of the available information being incomplete or providing contradictory evidence. In this paper, we present a probabilistic extension of BD that permits agents to have probabilistic beliefs about the truth and falsity of a proposition.
We provide a sound and complete axiomatization for the framework defined and also identify policies for conditionalization and aggregation. Concretely, we introduce four-valued equivalents of Bayes’ and Jeffrey updating and also suggest mechanisms for aggregating information from different sources.
Expressive voting, graded interests and participation
Public Choice (2021)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KleinExpressiveVoting,
Author = {Klein, Dominik},
Journal = {Public Choice},
Number = {1},
Pages = {221--239},
Title = {Expressive voting, graded interests and participation},
Volume = {188},
Year = {2021}}
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-020-00825-2}
}
I assume that voters mark ballots exclusively to express their true preferences among parties, leaving aside any considerations about an election’s possible outcome. The paper then analyzes the resulting voting behavior. In particular, it studies how effective different voting systems such as plurality rule, approval voting, and range voting are in fostering high turnout rates of such expressive voters.
Non-Classical Probabilities for Decision Making in Situations of Uncertainty
(with
Ondrej Majer and Soroush Rafiee Rad)
Roczniki Filozoficzne (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{kleinMajerRadRoczniki,
title={Non-Classical Probabilities for Decision Making in Situations of Uncertainty},
author={Klein, Dominik and Majer, Ondrej and Rad, Soroush Rafiee},
journal={Roczniki Filozoficzne},
volume={68},
number={4},
pages={315--343},
year={2020}
}
Analyzing situations where information is partial, incomplete or contradictory has created a demand for quantitative belief measures that are weaker than classic probability theory. In this paper, we compare two frameworks that have been proposed for this task, Dempster-Shafer theory and non-standard probability theory based on Belnap-Dunn logic. We show the two frameworks to assume orthogonal perspectives on informational shortcomings, but also provide a partial correspondence result. Lastly, we also compare various dynamical rules of the two frameworks, all seen as generalizations of classic Bayes’ conditioning.
Convergence, continuity, recurrence and Turing completeness in dynamic epistemic logic (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Journal of Logic and Computation (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KleinRendsvigTuring,
author = {Klein, Dominik and Rendsvig, Rasmus K.},
title = "{Convergence, continuity, recurrence and Turing completeness
in dynamic epistemic logic}",
journal = {Journal of Logic and Computation},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1093/logcom/exaa035},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exaa035},
}
The paper analyses dynamic epistemic logic from a topological perspective. The main contribution consists of a framework in which dynamic epistemic logic satisfies the requirements for being a topological dynamical system thus interfacing discrete dynamic logics with continuous mappings of dynamical systems. The setting is based on a notion of logical convergence, demonstratively equivalent with convergence in Stone topology. Presented is a flexible, parametrized family of metrics inducing the Stone topology, used as an analytical aid. We show maps induced by action model transformations continuous with respect to the Stone topology and present results on the recurrent behaviour of said maps. Among the recurrence results, we show maps induced by finite action models may have uncountably many recurrent points, even when initiated on a finite input model. Several recurrence results draws on the class of action models being Turing complete, for which the paper provides proof in the postcondition-free case. As upper bounds, it is shown that either 1 atom, 3 agents and preconditions of modal depth 18 or 1 atom, 7 agents and preconditions of modal depth 3 suffice for Turing completeness.
Pooling Modalities and Pointwise Intersection: Axiomatization and Decidability
(with
Frederik Van De Putte)
Studia Logica (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{VDPutteKleinPooling,
Author = {Van De Putte, Frederik and Klein, Dominik},
Doi = {10.1007/s11225-020-09901-6},
Isbn = {1572-8730},
Journal = {Studia Logica},
Title = {Pooling Modalities and Pointwise Intersection:
Axiomatization and Decidability},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11225-020-09901-6},
Year = {2020},
}
We establish completeness and the finite model property for logics featuring the
pooling modalities that were introduced in Van De Putte and Klein (Pooling modalities and pointwise intersection: semantics, expressivity, and applications). The definition of our canonical models combines standard techniques with a so-called “puzzle piece construction”, which we first illustrate informally. After that, we apply it to the weakest classical logics with pooling modalities and investigate the technique’s potential for the axiomatization of stronger logics, obtained by imposing well-known frame conditions on the models.
From Oughts to Goals: A Logic for Enkrasia (with
Alessandra Marra )
Studia Logica (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KleinMarraOughtsGoals,
author={Klein, Dominik and Marra, Alessandra},
Doi = {10.1007/s11225-019-09854-5},
Isbn = {1572-8730},
Journal = {Studia Logica},
Number = {1},
Pages = {85--128},
Title = {From Oughts to Goals: A Logic for Enkrasia},
Volume = {108},
Year = {2020},
}
This paper focuses on (an interpretation of) the Enkratic principle of rationality, according to which rationality requires that if an agent sincerely and with conviction believes she ought to X, then X-ing is a goal in her plan. We analyze the logical structure of Enkrasia and its implications for deontic logic. To do so, we elaborate on the distinction between basic and derived oughts, and provide a multi-modal neighborhood logic with three characteristic operators: a non-normal operator for basic oughts, a non-normal operator for goals in plans, and a normal operator for derived oughts. We prove two completeness theorems for the resulting logic, and provide a dynamic extension of the logic by means of product updates. We illustrate how this setting informs deontic logic by considering issues related to the filtering of inconsistent oughts, the restricted validity of deontic closure, and the stability of oughts and goals under dynamics.
Rationality in Context - On inequality and the epistemic problems of maximizing expected utility (with
Johannes Marx and Simon Scheller)
Synthese (2020)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KMS2020,
Author = {Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes and Scheller, Simon},
Doi = {10.1007/s11229-018-1773-0},
Isbn = {1573-0964},
Journal = {Synthese},
Number = {1},
Pages = {209--232},
Title = {Rationality in context},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-018-1773-0},
Volume = {197},
Year = {2020}
}
The emergence of economic inequality has often been linked to individual differences in mental or physical capacities. By means of an agent-based simulation this paper shows that neither of these is a necessary condition. Rather, inequality can arise from iterated interactions of fully rational agents. This bears consequences for our understanding of both inequality and rationality. In a setting of iterated bargaining games, we claim that expected utility maximizing agents perform suboptimally in comparison with other strategies. The reason for this lies in complex feedback effects between an agents' action and the quality of beliefs used to calculate expected utility. Consequentially, we argue that the standard notion of rationality as maximizing expected utility is insufficient, even for certain standard cases of economic interaction.
Generalized Trust in the Mirror. An Agent-Based Model on the Dynamics of Trust. (with
Johannes Marx)
Historical Social Research (2018)
[simulation]
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KM2018,
title = {Generalized Trust in the Mirror: An Agent-Based Model on the Dynamics of Trust},
author = {Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes},
journal = {Historical Social Research},
number = {1},
pages = {234--258},
volume = {43},
year = {2018},
}
High levels of trust have been linked to a variety of benefits including the well-functioning of markets and political institutions or the ability of societies to solve public goods problems endogenously. While there is extensive literature on the macro-level determinants of trust, the micro-level processes underlying the emergence and stability of trust are not yet sufficiently understood. We address this lacuna by means of a computer model. In this paper, conditions under which trust is likely to emerge and be sustained are identified. We focus our analysis mainly on the individual characteristics of agents: their social or geographical mobility, their attitude towards others or their general uncertainty about the environment. Contrary to predictions from previous literature, we show that immobile agents are detrimental to both, the emergence and robustness of trust. Additionally, we identify a hidden link between trusting others and being trustworthy.
Mystery and the Evidential Impact of Unexplainables (with
Matteo Colombo)
Episteme (2017)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KC2017,
title={Mystery and the Evidential Impact of Unexplainables},
DOI={10.1017/epi.2017.13},
journal={Episteme},
publisher={Cambridge University Press},
author={Klein, Dominik and Colombo, Matteo},
year={2017},
pages={1--13}
}
What's the evidential impact of learning that something is a mystery? To answer this question, we first explicate the notion of a mystery in terms of unexplainability. After distinguishing different ways in which something can be unexplainable, we develop a test to evaluate the evidential impact of two distinct types of unexplainables: symmetrical and asymmetrical unexplainables. We argue that only asymmetrical unexplainables have evidential impact. We finally clarify how our explication of mysteries as unexplainables complements existing accounts of abduction and contributes to the literature on the mystery of consciousness.
Knowledge, belief, normality, and introspection (with
Olivier Roy and Norbert Gratzl)
Synthese (2017)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KRG2017,
author={Klein, Dominik and Roy, Olivier and Gratzl, Norbert},
title={Knowledge, belief, normality, and introspection},
journal={Synthese},
year={2017},
issn="1573-0964",
doi={10.1007/s11229-017-1353-8},
pages={1-30}
}
We study two logics of knowledge and belief stemming from the work of Stalnaker (2006), omitting positive introspection for knowledge. The two systems are equivalent with positive introspection, but not without. We show that while the logic of beliefs remains unaffected by omitting introspection for knowledge in one system, it brings significant changes to the other. The resulting logic of belief is non-normal, and its complete axiomatization uses an infinite hierarchy of coherence constraints. We conclude by returning to the philosophical interpretation underlying both models of belief, showing that neither is strong enough to support a probabilistic interpretation, nor an interpretation in terms of certainty or the "mental component" of knowledge.
Wenn Du gehst, geh ich auch. Die Rolle von Informationskaskaden bei der Entstehung von Massenbewegungen (with
Johannes Marx)
Politische Vierteljahresschrift (2017)
[simulation]
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KM2017,
author={Klein, Dominik and Johannes Marx},
title={Wenn Du gehst, geh ich auch. Die Rolle von Informationskaskaden
bei der Entstehung von Massenbewegungen},
journal={Politische Vierteljahresschrift},
year={2017},
doi={10.5771/0032-3470-2017-4-560},
pages={560-592},
volume={58},
number={4},
}
This paper studies the epistemic dynamics preceding the emergence of mass
movements. By means of an agent-based simulation, we study the informational processes
generating those shared attitudes towards a political system that are necessary for mass
movements. We show that societies of lower mobility will structurally underestimate the
potential for political change. Moreover, we find systematic differences in attitudes
between critics and supporters of a regime. A side-effect of the emergent informational dynamics is
that
system critics will, over time, develop higher estimates of the potential for
change than their less discontent peers
Modelling Individual Expertise in Group Judgements (with
Jan Sprenger)
Economics and Philosophy (2015)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KS2015,
title={Modelling Individual Expertise in Group Judgements},
volume={31},
DOI={10.1017/S0266267114000388},
number={1},
journal={Economics and Philosophy},
publisher={Cambridge University Press},
author={Klein, Dominik and Sprenger, Jan},
year={2015},
pages={3--25}
}
Group judgements are often – implicitly or explicitly – influenced by their members’ individual expertise. However, given that expertise is seldom recognized fully and that some distortions may occur (bias, correlation, etc.), it is not clear that differential weighting is an epistemically advantageous strategy with respect to straight averaging. Our paper characterizes a wide set of conditions under which differential weighting outperforms straight averaging and embeds the results into the multidisciplinary group decision-making literature.
Changing Types: Information Dynamics on Type Spaces (with
Eric Pacuit)
Studia Logica (2014)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Article{KP2014,
author={Klein, Dominik and Pacuit, Eric},
title={Changing Types: Information Dynamics for Qualitative Type Spaces},
journal={Studia Logica},
year={2014},
volume={102},
number={2},
pages={297--319},
doi={10.1007/s11225-014-9545-4},
url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11225-014-9545-4}
}
Many different approaches to describing the players’ knowledge and beliefs can be found in the literature on the epistemic foundations of game theory. We focus here on non-probabilistic approaches. The two most prominent are the so-called Kripkeor Aumann-structures and knowledge structures (non-probabilistic variants of Harsanyi type spaces). Much of the recent work on Kripke structures has focused on dynamic extensions and simple ways of incorporating these. We argue that many of these ideas can be applied to knowledge structures as well. Our main result characterizes precisely when one
type can be transformed into another
type by a specific type of information update. Our work in this paper suggest that it would be interesting to pursue a theory of “information dynamics” for knowledge structures (and eventually Harsanyi type spaces).
Proceedings (Peer Reviewed)
Converging on Common Knowledge (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Proceedings of IJCAI 28 (2019)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@inproceedings{KleinRendsvigConverging,
title = {Converging on Common Knowledge},
author = {Klein, Dominik and Rendsvig, Rasmus Kræmmer},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, {IJCAI-19}},
publisher = {International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization},
pages = {1741--1748},
doi = {10.24963/ijcai.2019/241},
url = {https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/241},
}
Common knowledge, as is well known, is not attainable in finite time by unreliable communication, thus hindering perfect coordination. Focusing on the coordinated attack problem modeled using dynamic epistemic logic, this paper discusses unreliable communication protocols from a topological perspective and asks "If the generals may communicate indefinitely, will they then
converge to a state of common knowledge?" We answer by making precise and showing the following:
common knowledge is attainable if, and only if, we do not care about common knowledge.
Pointwise Intersection in Neighbourhood Modal Logic (with
Frederik Van De Putte )
Advances in Modal Logic (AiML 12) (2018)
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@inproceedings{VDPK-Aiml2018,
author = {Van De Putte, Frederik and Klein, Dominik },
title = {Pointwise Intersection in Neighbourhood Modal Logic},
editor = {Bezhanishvili, Guram and D'Agostino, Giovanna and
Metcalfe, George and Studer, Thomas},
booktitle = {{Advances in Modal Logic 12}},
series = {{Advances in Modal Logic}},
volume = {12},
publisher = {College Publications},
year = {2018},
pages = {591-610},
}
We study the logic of neighbourhood models with
pointwise intersection, as a means to characterize multi-modal logics. Pointwise intersection takes us from a set of neighbourhood sets
Ni (one for each member
i of a set
G used to interpret the modality □) to a new neighbourhood set
NG, which in turn allows us to interpret the operator □
G Here,
X is in the neighbourhood for
G if and only if
X equals the intersection of some
Y {
Yi |
Yi ∈
G}. We show that the notion of pointwise intersection has various applications in epistemic and doxastic logic, deontic logic, coalition logic, and evidence logic. We then establish sound and strongly complete axiomatizations for the weakest logic characterized by pointwise intersection and for a number of variants, using a new and generally applicable technique for canonical model construction.
Convergence, Continuity and Recurrence in Dynamic Epistemic Logic (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Logic, Rationality and Interaction (LORI VII) (2017)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@inproceedings{KleinRendsvig-LORI2017,
author = {Klein, Dominik and Rendsvig, Rasmus K.},
title = {{Convergence, Continuity and Recurrence in Dynamic Epistemic Logic}},
editor = {Baltag, A. and Seligman, J. and Yamada, T.},
booktitle = {{Logic, Rationality, and Interaction (LORI 2017)}},
series = {{Lecture Notes in Computer Science}},
volume = {10455},
publisher = {Springer},
year = {2017},
pages = {108--122},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-55665-8_8},
}
The paper analyzes dynamic epistemic logic from a topological perspective. The main contribution consists of a framework in which dynamic epistemic logic satisfies the requirements for being a topological
dynamical system thus interfacing discrete dynamic logics with continuous mappings of dynamical systems. The setting is based on a notion
of logical convergence, demonstratively equivalent with convergence in
Stone topology. Presented is a flexible, parametrized family of metrics
inducing the latter, used as an analytical aid. We show maps induced
by action model transformations continuous with respect to the Stone
topology and present results on the recurrent behavior of said maps.
Introspection, Normality and Agglomeration (with
Norbert Gratzl and Olivier Roy )
Logic, Rationality and Interaction (LORI VI) (2015)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@InProceedings{KGR2015,
author={Klein, Dominik and Gratzl, Norbert and Roy, Olivier},
editor={van der Hoek, Wiebe and Holliday, Wesley H. and Wang, Wen-fang},
title={Introspection, Normality and Agglomeration},
booktitle={Logic, Rationality, and Interaction},
year={2015},
publisher={Springer},
pages={195--206},
}
This paper explores a non-normal logic of beliefs for boundedly rational agents. The logic we study stems from the epistemic-doxastic system developed by Stalnaker. In that system, if knowledge is not positively introspective then beliefs are not closed under conjunction. They are, however, required to be pairwise consistent, a requirement that has been called agglomerativity elsewhere. While bounded agglomerativity requirements, i.e., joint consistency for every
n-tuple of beliefs up to a fixed
n, are expressible in that logic, unbounded agglomerativity is not. We study an extension of this logic of beliefs with such an unbounded agglomerativity operator, provide a sound and complete axiomatization for it, show that it has a sequent calculus that enjoys the admissibility of cut, that it has the finite model property, and that it is decidable.
Logic and Ethics: An Integrated Model for Norms, Intentions and Actions (with
Alessandra Marra )
Logic, Rationality and Interaction (LORI VI) (2015)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@InProceedings{MK2015,
author={Marra, Alessandra and Klein, Dominik},
editor={van der Hoek, Wiebe and Holliday, Wesley H. and Wang, Wen-fang},
title={Logic and Ethics: An Integrated Model for Norms, Intentions and Actions},
booktitle={Logic, Rationality, and Interaction},
year={2015},
publisher={Springer},
pages={268--281},
}
The paper investigates the way norms relate to and affect agents’ intentions and actions. Current work in deontic logic dealing with agency mainly falls within two different groups: a variety of frameworks which adopt a purely external approach and represent agency in terms of possible outcomes of actions, and frameworks which instead endorse an internal approach and focus exclusively on the agent’s intentions. The paper argues that neither of these models alone can produce a satisfactory analysis. An integrated model which combines the internal and external approaches is therefore put forward. The model is dynamic and represents the change that accepting a goal norm triggers in an agent’s intentions (especially the so-called “prior-intentions”) and actions.
The Dynamics of Trust - Emergence and Destruction (with
Johannes Marx)
Proceedings of the 17th International Workshop on Trust in Agent Societies (2014)
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@InProceedings{KM2014,
author={Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes},
editor={Cohen, Robin and Falcone, Rino and Norman, Timothy},
title={The Dynamics of Trust - Emergence and Destruction},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th International Workshop on Trust in Agent Societies},
year={2014},
publisher={http://ceur-ws.org},
pages={68-77},
}
We study the emergence and evolution of trust in larger societies. We
focus on the thin notion of trust, that is the trust needed for interacting with hitherto unknown individuals encountered for just a single
interaction. Our model builds upon well established theoretical knowledge of the determinants of trust. These works identify parameters
such as the existence of networks, the level of mobility or the percent-
age of trust-abusing agents in a society. While the influence of each of
these factors individually is well-established by empirical work, a precise account of the interplay of these factors is lacking. To bridge this
gap, we devise a multi agent computer simulation that allows a fine
grained analysis of the dynamic processes governing the emergence of
trust and its dependencies upon these parameters. We model agents
using a bayesian learning framework about the value of trust, taking
both individual and social information into account.
Encyclopedias (Peer Reviewed)
Logics for Analyzing Games (with
Johan van Benthem )
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2019)
[link]
[bib]
@InCollection{sep-logics-for-games,
author = {van Benthem, Johan and Klein, Dominik},
title = {Logics for Analyzing Games},
booktitle = {The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy},
editor = {Edward N. Zalta},
howpublished = {\url{https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/
spr2019/entries/logics-for-games/}},
year = {2019},
edition = {Spring 2019},
publisher = {Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}
}
Book Chapters and Editorials
Die epistemische Qualität demokratischer Entscheidungsverfahren. Interaktionseffekte zwischen eigennützigen, individuellen Überzeugungen und der epistemischen Qualität kollektiver Entscheidungen (with
Johannes Marx)
Demokratie und Wahrheit (2021)
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@inproceedings{KM2021,
author={Klein, Dominik and Johannes Marx},
title={Die epistemische Qualit\"at demokratischer Entscheidungsverfahren.
Interaktionseffekte zwischen eigenn\"utzigen, individuellen \"Uberzeugungen
und der epistemischen Qualit\"at kollektiver Entscheidungen},
booktitle = {Demokratie und Wahrheit},
year={2021},
pages={265-288},
volume={40}
}
In der Literatur finden sich zahlreiche Hinweise, dass die Versorgung
mit öffentlichen Gütern in demokratischen Regierungssystemen besser
funktioniert als in autokratischen Alternativen. Klassischerweise wird diese
Beobachtung durch Unterschiede in den Anreizstrukturen demokratischer
und autokratischer Entscheidungsverfahren erklärt (vgl. de Mesquita et al.
2005; Olson 2000). Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert eine weitere Erklä-
rung für Unterschiede zwischen den unterschiedlichen Regierungstypen.
Aufbauend auf die Debatte zur epistemischen Rechtfertigung demokrati-
scher Entscheidungsverfahren (siehe Estlund 2000, Estlund und Landemo-
re 2012, 2018) analysieren wir, ob demokratische Regime auch einen insti-
tutionell bedingten epistemischen Vorteil haben. Wir untersuchen diese
Frage mit Hilfe eines Modells, in dem Akteure vor der Aufgabe stehen,
das optimale Niveau öffentlicher Gütern zu bestimmen. Es gilt für die
Akteure also, den optimalen Steuersatz zu schätzen. Wir implementieren
dieses Modell in eine agentenbasierte Computersimulation und analysie-
ren, wie gut es Akteuren innerhalb von zwei idealtypisch verfassten, po-
litischen Systemen (Demokratie und Autokratie) gelingt, diese Aufgabe
zu lösen. Die resultierenden Ergebnisse erlauben uns, die epistemische
Qualität von demokratischen und nicht-demokratischen, kollektiven Ent-
scheidungsverfahren zu vergleichen. Wir finden erstens einen positiven
Effekt der epistemischen Vielfalt großer Gruppen, die in demokratischen
Entscheidungsverfahren zur Geltung kommt (für ähnliche Ergebnisse im
Gebiet wissenschaftlicher Gemeinschaften siehe Zollman 2010, O'Connor
und Bruner 2019). Zweitens zeigt sich überraschenderweise, dass demokra-
tische Entscheidungsverfahren am besten abschneiden, wenn die Bürger
auch ihre eigenen Bedürfnisse priorisieren und kommunizieren, anstatt in
ihren Interaktionen mit ihren Mitbürgern lediglich das optimale Niveau
des öffentlichen Nutzens aus der Sicht der Gruppe zu kommunizieren.
Schließlich findet sich ein positiver Effekt von zeitlich begrenzten Deli-
berationsphasen auf die epistemische Qualität kollektiver Abstimmungser-
gebnisse.
Rational Choice and Asymmetric Learning in Iterated Social Interactions –
Some Lessons from Agent-Based Modeling (with
Johannes Marx and Simon Scheller )
Demokratie und Entscheidung
Beiträge zur Analytischen Politischen Theorie, Springer (2018)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Inbook{KMSAsymmetric2018,
title = {Rational Choice and Asymmetric Learning in Iterated Social Interactions --
Some Lessons from Agent-Based Modeling},
author = {Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes and Scheller, Simon},
editor={Marker, Karl and Schmitt, Annette and Sirsch, J\"urgen},
bookTitle = {Demokratie und Entscheidung Beitr\"äge zur Analytischen Politischen Theorie},
publisher={Springer},
pages = {277-294},
year = {2018},
}
In this contribution we analyze how the actions of rational agents feed back on their beliefs. We present two agent-based computer simulations studying complex social interactions in which agents that follow utility maximizing strategies thereby deteriorate their own long-term quality of beliefs. We take these results as a starting point to discuss the complex relationship between rational action couched in terms of maximizing utility and the emergence of informational inequalities
Agent-Based Modeling in Social Science, History, and Philosophy:
An Introduction (with
Johannes Marx and Kai Fischbach)
Historical Social Research (2018)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{KMF2018,
title = {Agent-Based Modeling in Social Science, History, and Philosophy:
An Introduction},
author = {Klein, Dominik and Marx, Johannes and Fischbach, Kai},
journal = {Historical Social Research},
number = {1},
pages = {7-27},
volume = {43},
year = {2018},
urn = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-56479-3}
}
Agent-based modeling has become a common and well-established tool in the social sciences and certain of the humanities. Here, we aim to provide an overview of the different modeling approaches in current use. Our discussion unfolds in two parts: we first classify different aspects of the model-building process and identify a number of characteristics shared by most agent-based models in the humanities and social sciences; then we map relevant differences between the various modeling approaches. We classify these into different dimensions including the type of target systems addressed, the intended modeling goals, and the models’ degree of abstraction. Along the way, we provide reference to related debates in contemporary philosophy of science.
Focusing on Campaigns (with
Eric Pacuit)
Rohit Parikh on Logic, Language and Society, Springer (2017)
[pdf]
[doi]
[bib]
[abstract]
@Inbook{KP2017,
author={Klein, Dominik and Pacuit, Eric},
editor={Ba{\c{s}}kent, Can and Moss, Lawrence S.
and Ramanujam, Ramaswamy},
title={Focusing on Campaigns},
bookTitle={Rohit Parikh on Logic, Language and Society},
year="2017",
publisher={Springer},
pages={77--89},
doi="10.1007/978-3-319-47843-2_5",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47843-2_5"
}
One of the important lessons to take away from Rohit Parikh’s impressive body of work is that logicians and computer scientists have much to gain by focusing their attention on the intricacies of political campaigns. Drawing on recent work developing a theory of
expressive voting, we study the dynamics of voters’ opinions during an election. In this paper, we develop a model in which the relative importance of the different issues that concern a voter may change either in response to candidates’ statements during a campaign or due to unforeseen events. We study how changes in a voter?s attention to the issues influence voting behavior under voting systems such as plurality rule and approval voting. We argue that it can be worthwhile for candidates to reshape public focus, but that doing so can be a complex and risky activity.
Metrics for Formal Structures, with an Application to Kripke Models and their Dynamics (Preprint) (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Preprint: Arxiv:1704.00977
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{2017KRMetric,
author = {{Klein}, Dominik. and {Rendsvig}, Rasmus K.},
title = "{Metrics for Formal Structures, with an Application to Kripke Models
and their Dynamics}",
journal = {ArXiv e-prints},
eprint = {1704.00977},
year = 2017,
month = apr,
}
This paper introduces and investigates a family of metrics on sets of structures
for formal languages, with a special focus on their application to sets of pointed Kripke models and modal logic, and, in extension, to dynamic
epistemic logic. The metrics are generalizations of the Hamming distance applicable to countably infinite binary strings and, by extension, logical theories or semantic structures. We first study the topological properties of the resulting metric spaces. A
key result provides sufficient conditions for spaces having the Stone property, i.e., being compact, totally disconnected and Hausdorff. Second, we turn to
mappings, where it is shown that a widely used type of model transformations,
product updates, give rise to continuous maps in the induced topology.
Turing Completeness of Finite Epistemic Programs (Preprint) (with
Rasmus K. Rendsvig)
Preprint: Arxiv:1706.06845
[pdf]
[bib]
[abstract]
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/KleinR17,
author = {Klein, Dominik and
Rendsvig, Rasmus K.},
title = {Turing Completeness of Finite, Epistemic Programs},
journal = {ArXiv e-prints},
year = {2017},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06845},
eprint = {1706.06845},
}
In this note, we present the proof of Lemma 1.1 of [8], namely that the class
of epistemic programs [1] is
Turing complete. Following preliminary definitions in Section 1
, Section 2 states and proves the theorem.
Thesis
Social Interaction - a Formal Exploration
Tilburg (2015)
[pdf]
[bib]
@phdthesis{KleinThesis,
title={Social Interaction -- a Formal Exploration},
author={Klein, Dominik},
year={2015},
school={TiLPS Tilburg},
}